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211 lines
9 KiB
XML
211 lines
9 KiB
XML
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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version="5.0"
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xml:id="ssec-derivation">
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<title>Derivations</title>
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<para>The most important built-in function is
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<function>derivation</function>, which is used to describe a single
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derivation (a build action). It takes as input a set, the attributes
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of which specify the inputs of the build.</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem xml:id="attr-system"><para>There must be an attribute named
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<varname>system</varname> whose value must be a string specifying a
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Nix platform identifier, such as <literal>"i686-linux"</literal> or
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<literal>"x86_64-darwin"</literal><footnote><para>To figure out
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your platform identifier, look at the line <quote>Checking for the
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canonical Nix system name</quote> in the output of Nix's
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<filename>configure</filename> script.</para></footnote> The build
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can only be performed on a machine and operating system matching the
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platform identifier. (Nix can automatically forward builds for
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other platforms by forwarding them to other machines; see <xref
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linkend='chap-distributed-builds' />.)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>There must be an attribute named
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<varname>name</varname> whose value must be a string. This is used
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as a symbolic name for the package by <command>nix-env</command>,
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and it is appended to the output paths of the
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derivation.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>There must be an attribute named
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<varname>builder</varname> that identifies the program that is
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executed to perform the build. It can be either a derivation or a
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source (a local file reference, e.g.,
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<filename>./builder.sh</filename>).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Every attribute is passed as an environment variable
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to the builder. Attribute values are translated to environment
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variables as follows:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Strings and numbers are just passed
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verbatim.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A <emphasis>path</emphasis> (e.g.,
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<filename>../foo/sources.tar</filename>) causes the referenced
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file to be copied to the store; its location in the store is put
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in the environment variable. The idea is that all sources
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should reside in the Nix store, since all inputs to a derivation
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should reside in the Nix store.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A <emphasis>derivation</emphasis> causes that
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derivation to be built prior to the present derivation; its
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default output path is put in the environment
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variable.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Lists of the previous types are also allowed.
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They are simply concatenated, separated by
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spaces.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><literal>true</literal> is passed as the string
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<literal>1</literal>, <literal>false</literal> and
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<literal>null</literal> are passed as an empty string.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The optional attribute <varname>args</varname>
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specifies command-line arguments to be passed to the builder. It
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should be a list.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The optional attribute <varname>outputs</varname>
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specifies a list of symbolic outputs of the derivation. By default,
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a derivation produces a single output path, denoted as
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<literal>out</literal>. However, derivations can produce multiple
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output paths. This is useful because it allows outputs to be
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downloaded or garbage-collected separately. For instance, imagine a
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library package that provides a dynamic library, header files, and
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documentation. A program that links against the library doesn’t
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need the header files and documentation at runtime, and it doesn’t
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need the documentation at build time. Thus, the library package
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could specify:
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<programlisting>
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outputs = [ "lib" "headers" "doc" ];
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</programlisting>
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This will cause Nix to pass environment variables
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<literal>lib</literal>, <literal>headers</literal> and
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<literal>doc</literal> to the builder containing the intended store
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paths of each output. The builder would typically do something like
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<programlisting>
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./configure --libdir=$lib/lib --includedir=$headers/include --docdir=$doc/share/doc
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</programlisting>
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for an Autoconf-style package. You can refer to each output of a
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derivation by selecting it as an attribute, e.g.
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<programlisting>
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buildInputs = [ pkg.lib pkg.headers ];
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</programlisting>
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The first element of <varname>output</varname> determines the
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<emphasis>default output</emphasis>. Thus, you could also write
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<programlisting>
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buildInputs = [ pkg pkg.headers ];
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</programlisting>
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since <literal>pkg</literal> is equivalent to
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<literal>pkg.lib</literal>.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The function <function>mkDerivation</function> in the Nixpkgs
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standard environment is a wrapper around
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<function>derivation</function> that adds a default value for
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<varname>system</varname> and always uses Bash as the builder, to
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which the supplied builder is passed as a command-line argument. See
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the Nixpkgs manual for details.</para>
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<para>The builder is executed as follows:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>A temporary directory is created under the directory
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specified by <envar>TMPDIR</envar> (default
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<filename>/tmp</filename>) where the build will take place. The
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current directory is changed to this directory.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The environment is cleared and set to the derivation
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attributes, as specified above.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>In addition, the following variables are set:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para><envar>NIX_BUILD_TOP</envar> contains the path of
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the temporary directory for this build.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Also, <envar>TMPDIR</envar>,
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<envar>TEMPDIR</envar>, <envar>TMP</envar>, <envar>TEMP</envar>
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are set to point to the temporary directory. This is to prevent
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the builder from accidentally writing temporary files anywhere
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else. Doing so might cause interference by other
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processes.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><envar>PATH</envar> is set to
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<filename>/path-not-set</filename> to prevent shells from
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initialising it to their built-in default value.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><envar>HOME</envar> is set to
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<filename>/homeless-shelter</filename> to prevent programs from
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using <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or the like to find the
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user's home directory, which could cause impurity. Usually, when
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<envar>HOME</envar> is set, it is used as the location of the home
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directory, even if it points to a non-existent
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path.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><envar>NIX_STORE</envar> is set to the path of the
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top-level Nix store directory (typically,
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<filename>/nix/store</filename>).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>For each output declared in
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<varname>outputs</varname>, the corresponding environment variable
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is set to point to the intended path in the Nix store for that
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output. Each output path is a concatenation of the cryptographic
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hash of all build inputs, the <varname>name</varname> attribute
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and the output name. (The output name is omitted if it’s
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<literal>out</literal>.)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>If an output path already exists, it is removed.
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Also, locks are acquired to prevent multiple Nix instances from
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performing the same build at the same time.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A log of the combined standard output and error is
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written to <filename>/nix/var/log/nix</filename>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The builder is executed with the arguments specified
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by the attribute <varname>args</varname>. If it exits with exit
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code 0, it is considered to have succeeded.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The temporary directory is removed (unless the
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<option>-K</option> option was specified).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>If the build was successful, Nix scans each output
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path for references to input paths by looking for the hash parts of
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the input paths. Since these are potential runtime dependencies,
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Nix registers them as dependencies of the output
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paths.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>After the build, Nix sets the last-modified
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timestamp on all files in the build result to 1 (00:00:01 1/1/1970
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UTC), sets the group to the default group, and sets the mode of the
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file to 0444 or 0555 (i.e., read-only, with execute permission
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enabled if the file was originally executable). Note that possible
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<literal>setuid</literal> and <literal>setgid</literal> bits are
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cleared. Setuid and setgid programs are not currently supported by
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Nix. This is because the Nix archives used in deployment have no
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concept of ownership information, and because it makes the build
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result dependent on the user performing the build.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<xi:include href="advanced-attributes.xml" />
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</section>
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